Epidemiology in Disease Control and Prevention

Epidemiology in Disease Control and Prevention The purpose of this discussion post is to briefly review the concepts of epidemiology in disease control and prevention. I will also define and apply the ecoscoial epidemiology paradigm to obesity in my community. Epidemiology means many things, but largely, it is the study of the health status in our community as determined by statistical information, probability and research (Nies McEwen, 2015). Community health nurses use the concepts of epidemiology any time the nurse conducts, collects or analyzes data regarding diseases in the community, or uses data to help identify at risk groups in the community (Nies McEwen, 2015). Our reading this week discussed a variety of epidemiological models, methods and approaches. The data collected through epidemiology can identify diseases and infections, and trace these illnesses down to a single cause. In order to identify and resolve illness, the epidemiologist must first identify the problem, detect possible causes of the disease and the disease itself; determine how the illness is spread and finally, classify how people in the community become susceptible to the disease (Nies McEwen, 2015, p. 70-72; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). Ecosocial epidemiology is a newer concept and describes diseases from a macro-level; meaning the health and disease status for a community rather than illness in just one patient (Nies McEwen, 2015). An example of ecosocial epidemiology approach would be to discuss obesity in our community. In 2013, the American Medical Association (AMA) labeled obesity as a chronic disease; the WHO described obesity as an epidemic and reported that half-a-billion people in the world obese(Stoner Cornwall, 2014). Obesity may be caused by numerous factors, including genetics, socioeconomic status or lack of education on healthy eating. Obesity is typically accompanied by other comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The cost of healthcare for obese individuals is typically more than a non-obese person. The private practice office I work in sees a fair amount of patients whose symptoms can be attributed to obesity secondary to poor diet and inc ome level. A community health nurse can examine obesity in the community from a macro-level perspective. As mentioned above, obesity can be connected to a persons socioeconomic meaning the lower a persons income or education level, the more at risk that person is for obesity (Bielemann, Santos Motta, Minten, Horta, Gigante, 2014). Individuals with lower income are more likely to consume cheaper, convenient foods with large portion sizes (i.e., fast food, frozen dinners, boxed meals, chips, etc). These food items are readily accessible and are typically higher in calories, sodium, fat and sugars. The larger portion sizes can be seen as more value for the dollar. Another study showed that even with the application of food health labels, lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to purchase these unhealthy foods and reported that food labels can be seen as unclear and confusing (Hankey, 2015). A community health nurse can collect and analyze data from the community through surveys, questionnaire s or interviews and compare the number of obese patients to their socioeconomic, education level and comorbid conditions. This data can be used to provide interventions and education to this at risk population. In conclusion, epidemiology is the study of health and disease of the entire community, and not one person. Ecosocial epidemiology looks at health and disease from a macro level and can incorporate multiple factors that may attribute to an illness.   Obesity in our community can be viewed from a macro-level, secondary to the multiple risk factors, including socioeconomic status, education and existing medical conditions. Understanding epidemiology is important to community health nursing as this information can assist the nurse in focusing on disease prevention and education for at risk populations. References Bielemann, R. M., Santos Motta, J. V., Minten, G. C., Horta, B. L., Gigante, D. P. (2014). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults. Revista de Saà ºde Pà ºblica, 49, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005572 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Public health series 101 Introduction to epidemiology. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/publichealth101/epidemiology.html Hankey, C. (2015). Food and catering modifications for public health: chronic disease and obesity prevention. Medicine, 43(2), 135-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.MPMED.2014.11.004 Nies, M. A., McEwen, M. (2015). Community public health nursing (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. Stoner, L., Cornwall, J. (2014). Did the American Medical Association make the correct decision classifying obesity as a disease? Australasian Medical Journal, 7(11), 462-464. http://dx.doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2014.2281

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Name: Deniz CALIK Section: PLSC 382R-01 Professor: Gregory Robinson Date: 12/16/13 How National Socialist Ideology Affected the World? When Germany was defeated in World War I, German emperor Wilhelm II left the throne and the new republic was founded which is called Weimar Republic. Germany passed from monarchy to republic however the problems were not vanished. That is when the National Socialism first appeared. There was unemployment, poverty and inflation and the national socialists claimed that the democratic institutions, communists and incapable politicians were to blame. These national socialists established a political party called Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party). Their leader was Adolf Hitler. They were anti-capitalist, anti-Marxist, ethnic nationalist, extremely rightist, racist. In politics they were extremely nationalist and in economics they were socialists. The members of the party wore soldier uniforms and behaved as if they were soldiers. By placing their socialist ideology forefront, they became the most and the only power in Germany officia lly. As the time flew, they caused one of the most bloody and brutal wars in history. The Great Depression had also affected Germany. The existing problems came to foreground more than ever. Hitler was seen as a solution for the existing problems according to the general opinion. Thus, the president Paul von Hindenburg assigned Adolf Hitler as the prime minister in 1933. A few months later, in 5 March 1933 the National Socialist German Workers Party polled the 43.9 % of the votes and guaranteed its position as the only party in power. National Socialist principals and its ideas supp... ...Germany but affected whole world, changed political and social structure. In Germany, it created hostility towards Jews and other people who are non-Aryan. Nazi party members killed a lot of people in order to create an Aryan race. They have made various experiments on them, forced them to work until they die, made them live in inhuman conditions and exposed them to numerous other kinds of tortures. National Socialists were deeply committed to the ideology that they could murdered numerous of innocent people without a second thought and accepted the thoughts and orders of their leader blindfold. If National Socialist ideology`s consequence were not that serious, human rights issue would not gain so much importance globally. World War II can be the best and obvious example of how an ideology can conquer mass amounts of people’s minds and reshape the world deeply. Essay examples -- Name: Deniz CALIK Section: PLSC 382R-01 Professor: Gregory Robinson Date: 12/16/13 How National Socialist Ideology Affected the World? When Germany was defeated in World War I, German emperor Wilhelm II left the throne and the new republic was founded which is called Weimar Republic. Germany passed from monarchy to republic however the problems were not vanished. That is when the National Socialism first appeared. There was unemployment, poverty and inflation and the national socialists claimed that the democratic institutions, communists and incapable politicians were to blame. These national socialists established a political party called Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party). Their leader was Adolf Hitler. They were anti-capitalist, anti-Marxist, ethnic nationalist, extremely rightist, racist. In politics they were extremely nationalist and in economics they were socialists. The members of the party wore soldier uniforms and behaved as if they were soldiers. By placing their socialist ideology forefront, they became the most and the only power in Germany officia lly. As the time flew, they caused one of the most bloody and brutal wars in history. The Great Depression had also affected Germany. The existing problems came to foreground more than ever. Hitler was seen as a solution for the existing problems according to the general opinion. Thus, the president Paul von Hindenburg assigned Adolf Hitler as the prime minister in 1933. A few months later, in 5 March 1933 the National Socialist German Workers Party polled the 43.9 % of the votes and guaranteed its position as the only party in power. National Socialist principals and its ideas supp... ...Germany but affected whole world, changed political and social structure. In Germany, it created hostility towards Jews and other people who are non-Aryan. Nazi party members killed a lot of people in order to create an Aryan race. They have made various experiments on them, forced them to work until they die, made them live in inhuman conditions and exposed them to numerous other kinds of tortures. National Socialists were deeply committed to the ideology that they could murdered numerous of innocent people without a second thought and accepted the thoughts and orders of their leader blindfold. If National Socialist ideology`s consequence were not that serious, human rights issue would not gain so much importance globally. World War II can be the best and obvious example of how an ideology can conquer mass amounts of people’s minds and reshape the world deeply.

Arthur Miller ‘s presentation Essay

By focusing on three or four scenes, examine Arthur Miller ‘s presentation of John Proctor’s moral journey. A crucible is defined in the dictionary as ‘a severe test or trial’. Throughout this play, John Proctor’s morals and beliefs are challenged to a great extent as we watch his character develop and admire his strength to do what is right whatever the consequences. A moral journey is the development of someone’s morals and beliefs as they are tested by certain situations and react to them in different ways. I wouldn’t say it was a mapped out journey, more one that is likely to change without warning. Salem was a very religious and close-knit community. The strict creed meant that its inhabitants lived very monotonous lives and continuously feared doing wrong by God. Many people found they could not live with the pressures forced upon them by the church as religion was preached so vigorously and people were discouraged from forming their own opinion on life. This caused the community to become very repressed. The way everyone reacted to the accusations of witchcraft stem from this. People suddenly became very paranoid of everybody else’s actions and also became suspicious that they may be a witch. They also used the right to call somebody a witch as vengeance. The fact that Proctor was willing to go against the church and the rest of the community to follow his views of descent conduct makes him stand out. I will be studying several extracts of the play to illustrate Proctor’s moral journey. John Proctor is often seen as the main character in the play and the first point where we are given any information about him is in the early stages of Act 1. Here, Miller directly intervenes and provides us with a lengthy passage on John Proctor giving us information on his background and character. This is essential, as otherwise, we have no knowledge of his values before he enters the stage. Miller’s script: â€Å"But as we shall see, the steady manner he displays does not spring from an untroubled soul. He is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of descent conduct. † This quote also backs up the idea that John does not need to be punished for sins he has committed, as he is his own worst critic. At first Miller portrays him in a harsh light. When he enters in the first act, he reprimands his servant for not being at home helping Elizabeth and orders her to go immediately. The stage directions here allow us to see the effect of John on others. He obviously has a sense of authority as Miller describes Mary Warren’s reaction when he enters the room as follows: ‘She can barely speak for embarrassment and fear’ After the departure of Mary, John is then left alone with Abigail and Miller presents us with a scene full of hurt, desire and tension. Abigail is a very useful character when analysing John’s morals. She is very manipulative and tests his will power to reject her. John, at first, is not aware of Abigail’s determination to win his love. He says impulsively some things that Abigail interprets in her own, yet wrong, way. She then seems very confident about what she is saying and feels she is being lead on. Proctor: â€Å"Ah, you’re wicked yet, aren’t y’! (A thrill of expectant laughter escapes her, and she dares come closer, feverishly looking in his eyes)† The stage directions at this point are very important, as they are essential in the understanding of how Abigail is feeling. After this move of Abigail’s, John realises that she is serious and is still holding hope for him. He decides to put this right by making it quite clear to her that he is not willing to continue their relationship. Proctor: â€Å"Abby I may think of you softly from time to time but I will cut off my hand before I reach for you again. † This shows that Proctor has learnt from his mistakes and although he is tempted, he is not willing to commit the same sin again. This is quite extreme for him to state and shows that he is serious about what he is saying. It is also evident from the stage directions that John is ‘(angered-at himself as well). ‘ This shows that he has admitted to himself that he was wrong and now he is feeling guilty and angry with himself for all the trouble he has caused in his relationship with Elizabeth. The stage directions are very powerful in this extract as they show the characters emotions and they explain the situation well. This extract shows a very important part of John Proctor’s moral journey as he manages to resist Abigail’s advances. It must have taken a lot for him to do this, as it would be hard both mentally and physically for him. This shows how his character is starting to develop as he has learnt from previous experiences and is beginning to face and correct his sins rather than just ignoring them. The next extract I will be examining is in the early parts of Act two. This is set eight days on from the last scene and there is a very different atmosphere. Instead of passion and heat, this scene is awkward and tense. It shows how Proctor is not being honest with his wife, Elizabeth, and instead there is a lot of pretence. This is an important time in Proctors moral journey as it shows us how he is coping with his relationship with Elizabeth. It is evident that Proctor is still in denial and is not facing up to his actions. He doesn’t realise that the lies and secrets he is keeping will affect so badly what happen in future events. At the beginning of this Act, Miller sets the scene effectively using stage directions. He describes the room as ‘low, dark, and rather long living-room of the time’. This immediately changes our mood and calms us down in anticipation of a more sombre and serious scene. In this scene dialogue, as well as stage directions, play a very important part in portraying the characters feelings. The stage directions especially help us to interpret how certain lines should be said (as this is a play) and how characters should act. Proctor is not truthful to Elizabeth in this scene. He firstly lies about his interview with Abigail as he feels she won’t understand. He tells her that he has been working on the farm in hope that he will sympathise with him. This is part of his moral journey as it shows he is still in denial and feels that time will sort his problems out. He is prolonging the consequences of his actions that he knows one day he’ll have to face.

Marxism, a Feminist Utopia Essay - 1266 Words

The Bolshevik rule revolutionized reproductive rights by becoming the first country in the world to legalize abortion in 1920. Less a proclamation of women’s right to control their own body than a health measure in order to reduce mortality due to illegal abortions, this policy was revolutionary. Not only was abortion legal but often free. A shortage in raw material, here rubber, explained why condoms and diaphragms were inaccessible to most women: â€Å"Condoms and diaphragms [†¦] were almost impossible to get [†¦] because of the shortage of rubber† (Clements, Engel and Worobec 1991). Nevertheless, several polls conducted in both cities and villages suggest that most women used some kind of birth control. The most common seemed to have been†¦show more content†¦IV. Professional sphere+access to education Reproductive rights and daycare became capital in soviet society as more and more women were entering the workforce and receiving an education. The direct influence of the early Soviet Rule on women’s employment was modest as the foundations for the professionalization of women had been laid on decades before the October 1917 Revolution. Furthermore, the two World Wars greatly impacted women employment by opening up new fields for them. The Industrial Revolution of the end of the nineteenth century marked the first massive entry of women in the industrial workforce. Indeed, they provided â€Å"an inexpensive supply of unskilled labor† (Lapidus 1978). Women primarily worked in the industry, with an emphasis on textile and garments which were respectively 68% and 80% women dominated fields in 1932, (Heitlinger 1979). Women also represented the majority of â€Å"education, sciences and scientifical services† employees, representing between 54% and 58% of the labor force between 1929 and 1940 (Sacks 1977). World War I by draining young able-bodied men emptied factories and gave the opportunity to women to access male dominated fields (â€Å"from 26.6 percent of the workforce in 1914, the proportion of women in the industry as a whole rose to 43.2% by 1917† (Engel 2004)). The predominance of women in education can beShow MoreRelatedLiterary Review of Sexuality and Gender in Science Fiction Literature3057 Words   |  13 PagesEdward James This book combines essays by academics and writers of SF, which examine the genre from diverse perspectives. It inspects the beginnings of SF from Thomas More to the present day, and presents significant critical approaches such as Marxism, feminism and queer theory. There is an overlap of themes throughout which provides a chance to read about interrelated subjects from different angles written by numerous authors, which makes the work stronger. 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